مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 53، خرداد و تیر 1403)

Depression during adolescence can lead to various psychological and social problems that often persist into adulthood.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on mental imagery on depression symptoms and autobiographical memory in adolescents.

The present study employed a multiple baseline case study design. The study population included adolescents aged 12-18 who sought treatment at non-governmental psychological clinics in the city of Rasht during the years 1401-1402. The sample size consisted of three participants selected through purposive sampling. The instruments used were the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996) and the Autobiographical Memory Test (Williams & Broadbent, 1986). Descriptive statistics, effect size, percentage of improvement, and mixed regression were used for data analysis with SPSS 24 software.

The results indicated that the cognitive-behavioral therapy package based on mental imagery significantly reduced depression symptoms in adolescents (p < 0.05) and increased meaningful self-report memories while decreasing more general self-report memories (p < 0.05).

When individuals approach specific memories through mental imagery instead of avoiding or neglecting them, hidden emotions become apparent, providing the individual with new meanings of those images and contributing to mood improvement. Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on mental imagery on depression symptoms and autobiographical memories in adolescents, it is recommended that healthcare practitioners working with individuals diagnosed with depression take note of the findings of this research.

Considering the increase in the number of children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to previous years, as well as the need of the scientific community to have correct and accurate scientific information about this disorder, it is necessary to carry out scientific research and more detailed investigations in the society for treatment. This disorder should be treated.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation and practical neuropsychological exercises on working memory and clinical symptoms of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The population of this research was all children aged 7 to 11 with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder who referred to pediatric psychiatrists and child psychologists in Tehran in the months of April to September 1401, and among them, 45 children were selected using a targeted sampling method. They were randomly selected and replaced in three equal groups of 15 people. To collect data, the Wechsler Working Memory Test (WISC-R), Children's Illness Symptoms Questionnaire (CSI-4), the fourth edition of the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham SNAP-IV scale and the Wechsler Children's Scale WISC-V DS21 subtest were used. SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that both computerized cognitive rehabilitation intervention and neuropsychological practical exercises showed a significant difference in the post-test stage and follow-up on working memory and clinical symptoms of children with disorders. They have created attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The results show that in working memory variables and clinical symptoms, computerized cognitive rehabilitation training and practical neuropsychological exercises have the same effectiveness.

Nowadays, the quality of marital relationships and cognitive fatigue is a concept widely used in family and marital studies.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema-based cognitive therapy on cognitive fatigue and the quality of marital relationships of married women in the city of Amol.

The present research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women referring to Navid-e-Aramesh and Tolou-e-Mehr clinics in the city of Amol to receive counseling services concerning family problems in 2022, among them 30 people were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each group). The Quality of Marital Relationships Questionnaire (1995), the Fatigue Questionnaire (1994), and Young et al.’s Schema-Based Cognitive Therapy Protocol (2003) were used for ten 60-minute sessions for data collection, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS software version 22 were used for data analysis.

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results demonstrated a significant difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups (P=0.001). In general, schema-based cognitive therapy led to increasing the total score of the quality of marital relationships and decreasing cognitive fatigue.

Using cognitive techniques, schema-based cognitive therapy culminates in improving the quality of marital relationships and decreasing cognitive fatigue of married women. Therefore, this program can be recommended as an appropriate intervention to improve marital relationships.

Online games addiction is a growing concern which the prevalence  is estimated at 1.2 to 8.5 percent among teenagers and young adults.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and addiction to online games.

In terms of method, the research was among descriptive-correlation researches of structural equations type. The statistical population included all the students of the first year of high school in the education and training region of Hormozgan Bastak in the academic year of 2021-2022 which 350 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They responded to the questionnaires of behavioral inhibition/activation systems (1994), cognitive fusion (2014), acceptance and action - second edition (2011) and online games addiction(2002). Structural modeling was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system have a significant direct relationship with the online games addiction with coefficient values of 0.46 and 0.42, respectively (P < 0.001). Also, the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system are significantly related to online game addiction indirectly with the mediation of experiential avoidance with a coefficient value of 0.17 and 0.15, respectively and the behavioral inhibition system with the mediation of cognitive fusion with a coefficient value of 0.21,. (P < 0.001).

In order to reduce online games addiction, experts should evaluate personality traits on the one hand in order to identify the sensitivity of behavioral inhibition/activator systems, and on the other hand, seek to reduce cognitive biases along with cognitive and retrospective challenges.

According to studies, the severity of maladaptive schemas is directly related to parenting experiences and coping methods.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of parenting styles on early maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of overcompensation and avoidance coping styles.

This descriptive research was of the correlation type (structural equation modeling). The statistical population was all the students who were studying at the undergraduate level in the country, which was selected by the multistage cluster sampling method (after dividing the entire country into 5 areas and selecting 5 universities by the researcher and five trained colleagues), 1509 participants were selected as a sample and responded to Young Schema (YSQ-S3), Young Parenting (YPI), Young-Ray Avoidance (YRAI) and Young overcompensation (YCI) questionnaires. Data analysis was done by structural equation analysis using SPSS-23 and AMOS-24.

The findings showed the appropriate fit of the model (RMSEA=.087, X2/df=31.77, CFI=.93). Parenting styles had a significant direct and positive effect (β=0.27) on early maladaptive schemas (P<0.01). Also, parenting styles had a significant indirect and positive effect (β=0.21) on early maladaptive schemas through the mediating variables of avoidance and overcompensation coping styles (P<0.01). Bootstrap approximation was used to analyze the significance of the effects.

The results of this research can be used to explain the factors affecting early maladaptive schemas and as a suitable model for designing comprehensive programs in this field

Sensory-motor problems are among the outstanding characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

The present research was conducted aiming to assess the effectiveness of eight weeks of central stability exercises on the sensory-motor development of children with high-functioning ASD.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all 6-10-year-old children with ASD referring to autism rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2023. Twenty-four high-functioning ASD children were selected by the convenience sampling method and evaluated by the Sensory Profile-2 tests and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency after eight sessions of central stability exercises. The results were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS version 22.

The results of univariate ANCOVA indicated that eight weeks of central stability exercises culminated in promoting sensory development in children with high-functioning ASD (P<0.01). The results of multivariate ANCOVA indicated that the F value obtained for all three dimensions of motor development, including gross motor skill, fine motor skill, and upper limb coordination, was significant (P<0.01).

According to the results, it can be concluded that central stability exercises are among the efficient methods for the development of sensory-motor skills in children with high-functioning ASD, which can be used in special education and rehabilitation centers for these children.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition characterized by instability in mood and interpersonal relationships. These patients are on the border between neurosis and psychosis.

This study aimed to investigate the role of Behavioral Inhibition Systems/Behavioral Activation Systems in self-destructive behaviors in female vocational school students with BPD according to the mediating role of emotional dysregulation.

The research had a descriptive-correlational method, and its statistical population consisted of all female students with BPD at technical and vocational schools in an educational district of Tehran. 176 students were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tool included Jackson and Claridge's Borderline Personality Disorder Scale (1991), Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire by Carver and White (1994), Self-Destructive Behaviors Questionnaire by Sansone et al. (1998), and Difficulties in emotion regulation scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004). Data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method with SmartPLS software.

The indirect effect of BIS/BAS on self-destructive behaviors with a mediating role of emotional dysregulation was -0.553 and significant (p<0.05). The direct effect of BIS/BAS on emotional dysregulation was -0.436 and significant (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the direct effect of BIS/BAS on self-destructive behaviors was -0.504 and significant (p<0.05), and the direct effect of emotional dysregulation on self-destructive behaviors was 0.506 and significant (p<0.05).

There was a significant relationship between behavioral activation and inhibition systems with self-destructive behaviors according to a mediating role of emotional dysregulation.

Family functioning refers to the effectiveness of family members in emotional communication, family rules, family communication and coping with external events.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural pattern of family functioning based on religious orientation in working men and women of Hamedan city with the role of mediator of resilience.

The current research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The research population included all married men and women working in government organizations in Hamadan city in 1400-1401. The sample size was 335 working men and women available by non-random sampling method. Family functioning questionnaire (FAD), religious orientation scale (ROS) and resilience scale (RISC) were used. Data analysis software was SPSS-21 and AMOS-24.

The results showed that religious orientation (β = -0.518 and p = 0.001) and resilience (β = -0.236 and p = 0.001) have a direct effect on family functioning and religious orientation mediates resilience on Family performance was also significant at 0.1 level. In the following, the indirect relationship of the proposed model was investigated, and a significant value was obtained for the approximation index of goodness of fit (PCLOSE) of 0.001 and the RMSEA index equal to 0.073, which indicated the fit of the model.

The results showed that religious orientation can explain the functioning of the family with regard to the role of resilience, so psychologists are recommended to strengthen the functioning of the family and strengthen the foundations of families by holding psychological workshops centered on religion and spirituality. With the help of resilience training to administrative staff. These people help.

Considering the importance of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins in cognitive and physiological function, knowing the effects of different exercise programs is of particular importance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins in dual resistance-cognitive exercises of healthy people.

The research method is semi-experimental. 10 healthy men were randomly divided into two groups (resistance-cognitive group of 5 people and resistance group of 5 people). Resistance contraction included eccentric and concentric knee extension with maximum strength and speed. The contractions included 12 sets of 10 repetitions for the right leg, and in the cognitive group, cognitive task exercises included counting numbers in reverse, multiplying and dividing numbers, counting the months of the year, and counting coins simultaneously with facial resistance exercises. Took A biopsy was performed at the beginning and end of the study. To analyze the data, dependent t statistical method and covariance test were performed in SPSS21 software.

The results showed that the intra-group changes of mTOR and AKT proteins after one activity session were significant in the resistance-cognitive and resistance groups (p≤0.05). However, the inter-group changes of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins showed no difference between the two groups.

The present study showed that a session of resistance and resistance-cognitive activity leads to changes in the factors involved in the strength and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. In addition, these changes are generally more resistance-cognitive in the resistance group.

The emergence of Covid-19 has many psychological effects on teenagers, one of which is depression, anxiety and stress, and it has brought physical and psychological effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in students of Sanandaj city during the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus in 1401.

This study was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive analytical way. The studied population included all middle school students of Sanandaj city in 1401 with a sample size of 270 people and an age range of 13-15 years. DASS-21 questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24 software.

The results of the study showed that the average scores of depression, anxiety and stress were 14.68 ± 3.39, 14.56 ± 2.99 and 14.74 ± 2.989, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the mean score of depression, anxiety and stress with sleep time, duration of daily activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Also, there is a statistically significant relationship between gender, history of covid-19 in the student and their family, having daily activities and economic status with the average score of depression, anxiety, stress (P>0.05).

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic causes anxiety, depression and stress in students. This phenomenon is intensified when children are confined at home and do not have outdoor activities. As the spread of covid-19 increases, the level of anxiety, stress and depression also increases. Therefore, increasing public awareness of this disease and providing positive psychological programs can reduce anxiety in society

Speaking anxiety in educational settings is among the most prevalent and important social anxieties playing a critical role in the anxiety experienced by students.

The current study aimed to test the structural relations model of personality traits with speaking anxiety among students.

The present research was descriptive-correlational of structural equations type. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of psychology at Islamic Azad University, Babol branch, in the academic year 2021-2022, among them 136 people were selected by the convenience sampling method. McCrae and Costa’s Personality Traits Questionnaire (1985) and Bartholomay and Houlihan’s (2016) Public Speaking Anxiety Scale were used for data collection, and data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling using SPSS software version 18 and Amos software.

According to the results, the personality traits of extroversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were significantly and negatively related to speaking anxiety (p<0.05), and the personality trait of neuroticism was significantly and positively related to speaking anxiety in students (p<0.05). Also, according to the results of structural equations, extroversion (β=-0.033), conscientiousness (β=-0.162), and agreeableness (β=0.001) negatively and neuroticism (β=0.533) positively affected speaking anxiety.

The results demonstrate that personality traits significantly affect speaking anxiety, and the structural relations model has the necessary fit. Therefore, teachers should be aware of personality traits because conducting personality assessment may be very beneficial in directing students in learning and improving speaking.

Dark personality traits include a range of socially aversive personality traits that are associated with risky behaviors and other mental health risk factors. However, it is not clear which specific risky behaviors are associated with each Personality trait (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy and Sadism) outlined in this conceptual framework.

Examining the Relationship Between Dark Tetrad of Personality and Domain-Specific Risk-taking Behavior Among Iranian Young People was the aim of this study.

The Research Design for this study is based on Descriptive Correlational Research method, A sample of 848 Young people was selected with the convenience sampling method from the Tehran using an online research platform. Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) Scale and the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) were used for data collection. The data were Analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Stepwise regression using SPSS version 26.

The correlation matrix of the research variables demonstrated that all components of the Dark Tetrad of Personality (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Sadism) are positively correlated with various domains of risk-taking (Social, Recreational, Gambling, Health/Safety, and Ethical). Among the four personality traits, Psychopathy and Sadism show the highest correlation, while Narcissism and Machiavellianism demonstrate a weaker correlation with risk-taking behaviors. Additionally, only Machiavellianism and Narcissism were linked to risky investments.

 In conclusion, for more accurate clinical decision-making concerning the relationship between Dark Personality traits and risky behaviors, it is essential to consider the specific and unique relationship between the traits and domains